1,656 PPC Agencies in California

Eggnite is a digital marketing agency that provides a range of services centered on brand development, content creation, and digital growth strategies. The agency focuses on aligning business objectives with audience needs through a methodology that integrates creative design with performance-driven marketing. Core services offered by Eggnite include brand identity development, which encompasses logo design and aesthetic strategy to establish a company’s professional presence. Their digital marketing capabilities cover social media management, focusing on consistency and audience engagement, and the creation of landing pages to support paid advertising campaigns. They also provide content production, including photoshoot coordination, to support brand storytelling and digital visibility. Eggnite works with businesses of varying sizes, offering strategy meetings to assess brand requirements and define project goals. Based on their project portfolio, they have assisted clients across diverse sectors, including health and aesthetics, construction, and lifestyle brands. With approximately six years of operational experience, the agency has completed over 65 projects. Their approach emphasizes collaborative communication and a structured methodology to translate a client's digital potential into measurable results.

Elevated Digital Strategies is a full-service digital marketing agency that provides a range of services designed to improve online visibility and conversion metrics. Their core service offerings include search engine optimization to improve organic search rankings, pay-per-click advertising for targeted ad campaigns, and comprehensive social media strategy development for audience growth. Additionally, the agency provides web design and development services focused on creating user-friendly, high-conversion websites, as well as content marketing initiatives aimed at audience retention and engagement. They also offer reporting and analysis to provide clients with insights into campaign performance and progress. The agency utilizes a personalized approach, customizing strategies to meet the specific business goals of each client, and emphasizes transparency through clear and consistent reporting. While they serve a variety of industries, their methodology centers on utilizing modern tools and techniques to achieve measurable results, such as increased web sessions, site visitors, and conversion rates. Clients can engage with their services through a formal inquiry process, selecting from specialized areas such as SEO, SEM, email marketing, social media management, paid digital advertising, and web development. The agency operates from a digital-first perspective, providing services to help businesses enhance their online presence and reach target audiences effectively.

Elite Wedding Marketing is a specialized digital marketing agency with over 20 years of experience dedicated to helping wedding venues increase bookings. Their service offering is built around a 4-step 'Growth System' that focuses on enhancing online visibility, converting visitors into leads, facilitating venue tours, and securing bookings. Their primary services include website design and development, where they construct mobile-friendly, high-conversion sites integrated with content creation to support broader marketing goals. In the realm of search engine optimization, the agency provides organic search strategies to improve keyword rankings and drive traffic from brides searching for local venues. Their paid advertising department manages cross-channel campaigns including Google Search, Display, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok ads, utilizing data-driven models to optimize for cost-effective conversions. Furthermore, the agency implements marketing automation, utilizing email, SMS, and voicemail drop sequences to nurture leads and manage follow-ups. Their methodology involves rigorous A/B testing and visitor behavior analysis to refine call-to-actions and improve lead conversion rates. While they serve the wedding and event industry specifically, their focus is on delivering end-to-end lead management and reporting to ensure venue profitability. The firm operates out of Glendale, California, and emphasizes a structured, systematic approach to digital lead acquisition tailored to the unique sales cycle of wedding venues.

Emblix Solutions is a digital marketing agency headquartered in Hyderabad, India, with over 13 years of industry experience and a footprint serving clients in India, the UAE, and the USA. The agency maintains a workforce of over 75 professionals and reports having managed over ₹1,000Cr in advertising budgets across more than 1,000 client engagements. Emblix holds certifications as a Google Partner and a Meta Business Partner. The agency provides a broad range of performance-focused services, including Google Ads management covering Search, Display, Shopping, and YouTube campaigns, as well as Meta Ads strategy with a focus on audience targeting, creative testing, and conversion-focused funnels. Their core service offerings extend to multi-channel lead generation, including the development of landing pages and retargeting funnels designed to fill sales pipelines. Emblix specializes in technical SEO, content strategy, and authority link-building, while also incorporating modern search paradigms such as AEO (Answer Engine Optimization) for AI Overviews and GEO (Generative Engine Optimization) to enhance brand visibility within AI platforms like ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini, and Claude. Additionally, the firm manages online reputation, provides social media community management and platform-native content, and executes automated email and WhatsApp marketing drip campaigns. The agency serves a diverse array of industries, including healthcare, education, real estate, fintech, retail, fashion, beauty, solar, and manufacturing. Emblix utilizes a data-driven methodology focused on tracking and optimizing ROI, utilizing marketing automation tools to deliver measurable growth across various digital channels.

Emergent Digital operates as a boutique digital media agency focused on media management, search engine optimization, and strategic marketing consulting. The firm leverages machine learning and artificial intelligence to drive optimization for its client base. Their service offerings include comprehensive digital marketing strategy, paid search management, search engine optimization, and social media marketing. The agency positions itself as a resource that provides big-business strategies and insights to a broader market of clients. Emergent Digital acts as a Google Partner, demonstrating professional certification in Google advertising platforms. Their operational approach emphasizes a roll-up-our-sleeves, hands-on methodology to meet client goals through detailed research and deliverable production. Beyond standard commercial work, the agency maintains a specific focus on its 'Digital Marketing for Good' initiative, which remains a core part of their organizational identity. They operate out of their office based in California, supporting clients through expert consultations that provide concrete action items for digital growth.

ET Digital is a digital marketing agency providing comprehensive online marketing solutions designed to improve brand visibility and drive business growth. The agency offers search engine optimization (SEO) services focused on website optimization to enhance organic search rankings and attract potential customers. Their paid advertising services encompass the management of targeted campaigns across various digital platforms to generate leads and increase traffic. Beyond core search and advertising efforts, ET Digital provides social media marketing, content marketing, and professional web design services aimed at enhancing user engagement. Central to their operational approach is a focus on marketing strategy and consulting, where they develop customized roadmaps designed to align business goals with specific digital tactics. The agency emphasizes a data-driven methodology, utilizing analytics to refine marketing tactics and monitor conversion performance. Based in Santa Clara, California, ET Digital positions itself as a full-service provider, noting that they are a Google Certified digital marketing company. They work with a broad range of businesses, managing the technical and creative aspects of online marketing to ensure visibility across diverse digital channels.

Exgrow Company is a specialized marketing consultancy exclusively dedicated to the restaurant and gastronomic industry. The agency offers a comprehensive range of services designed to increase sales, improve cash flow, and ensure predictable growth for restaurants, pizzerias, burger joints, steakhouses, and other food service businesses. Their service offering is built upon the proprietary EX5 Growth Method, a framework that addresses the full customer lifecycle through attraction, engagement, monetization, retention, and scale. Core service activities include managing paid traffic campaigns, facilitating message-based customer outreach, and providing commercial structuring support. The agency also handles creative production, with teams of social media managers, designers, videomakers, and video editors working in tandem to produce content that aligns with the client's gastronomic branding. Furthermore, they provide specialized management for digital delivery platforms, such as iFood, to optimize online ordering and visibility. Exgrow functions as a multidisciplinary consultancy, emphasizing performance-based results over purely aesthetic social media management. Their operational approach focuses on tailoring strategies based on the specific revenue stage and internal infrastructure of each restaurant. While the agency operates with a broad geographic focus across the USA, their engagements are structured to provide structured follow-up and optimization to maximize customer lifetime value. The agency employs a team of specialists including traffic managers and marketing strategists to ensure that every aspect of a restaurant's online and offline presence is optimized to drive daily sales.

Fabian's Media Marketing is a digital advertising agency based in Pomona, California, that provides lead generation and sales improvement services to businesses globally. The agency specializes in paid search and social media advertising, with specific expertise in managing campaigns on platforms such as Google AdWords and Facebook. Their core service offering centers on online marketing strategies tailored to client missions, including identifying effective avenues for reaching target audiences and structuring campaign styles and lengths to align with individual company visions. In addition to PPC management, the firm offers social media account management, with a specific focus on leveraging Instagram for brand growth and sales. The agency employs a multi-disciplinary team that includes graphic designers, content developers, and digital marketers. Their operational methodology involves an initial identification of the client's mission, followed by strategic campaign formulation and ongoing optimization to establish marketing opportunities. Fabian's Media Marketing provides services by appointment, offers free initial consultations, and maintains 24/7 availability for client support.

Rysen Growth is a full-service digital marketing agency that specializes in driving traffic, leads, and sales for businesses through data-driven strategies. Their service portfolio includes search engine optimization to improve organic search rankings and visibility, as well as Google Business Profile (GMB) optimization to capture local search traffic and map placement. The agency provides paid search marketing services, developing targeted advertising campaigns designed to convert. They also offer social media marketing to build online presence and audience engagement, alongside comprehensive web design and development services focused on creating responsive, high-converting websites. Rysen Growth serves a variety of industries, including healthcare, real estate, professional services, law, and local businesses. While they maintain a significant geographic footprint across multiple U.S. cities—including Dearborn, Ann Arbor, and Detroit in Michigan, as well as Los Angeles, Chicago, San Antonio, Houston, Austin, Dallas, Nashville, and Phoenix—they also deliver results for brands globally. Their operational approach emphasizes transparency, innovation, and measurable growth. The firm reports having completed over 1,385 projects with a client base exceeding 230 active partners as of 2025.

First Click Ads specializes in full-service internet advertising management, focusing on delivering campaigns that are designed to generate a measurable return on investment. Their core service offering centers on comprehensive advertising management, supported by the development of customized, campaign-targeted landing pages intended to improve conversion rates for their clients. The agency emphasizes a results-oriented approach, positioning their services as solutions where advertising pays for itself. Operationally, First Click Ads provides unlimited, toll-free, live customer support for their clients and offers a 30-day money-back guarantee. They serve clients seeking competitive digital advertising strategies and provide support for campaign execution and optimization.

Fleetsway Group is a digital marketing agency based in Walnut Creek, California, specializing in growth strategies for small businesses throughout the Bay Area. The agency provides a comprehensive suite of digital services designed to increase leads and revenue for clients across a diverse range of sectors, including home services, auto repair, legal and accounting firms, real estate, and health and wellness practices. A core pillar of their service offering is Google Business Profile management, which includes complete optimization and audits intended to improve visibility in local map searches. Complementing this local focus, Fleetsway Group offers search engine optimization (SEO) to enhance organic brand visibility and copywriting services for SEO-focused content creation. Their paid advertising department manages data-driven PPC campaigns designed to reach specific customer demographics, while their web design services focus on improving conversion rates to turn site visitors into leads. The agency also provides social media engagement services to support overall business growth. Fleetsway Group distinguishes itself by offering flexible, contract-free marketing plans starting at a base monthly rate, emphasizing a commitment to measurable results through monthly reporting and transparent performance tracking. By combining custom strategies with ongoing support, they assist businesses in Walnut Creek, Concord, Pleasant Hill, Lafayette, Danville, San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose in overcoming limited internal marketing expertise. Their methodology begins with a free consultation to assess a client's current online presence, followed by the creation of a tailored strategy that integrates SEO, paid media, and content efforts to drive traffic and inquiries. The firm operates from its headquarters on N. California Blvd in Walnut Creek, positioning itself as a local partner that understands the specific competitive dynamics of the Bay Area market.

FlowLead Digital is a specialized marketing agency that focuses exclusively on providing lead generation services for plumbing and HVAC contractors. Their core service offering is centered on driving booked jobs and consistent call volume for their clients rather than focusing solely on vanity metrics like clicks. The agency provides conversion-focused web design services to turn site visitors into paying customers. They manage search engine optimization (SEO) efforts to improve search rankings, alongside dedicated Google Business Profile optimization to ensure high visibility in Google Maps and local search results. Additionally, FlowLead Digital manages Google Local Services Ads and PPC advertising campaigns to generate immediate, high-intent leads from homeowners searching for plumbing and HVAC services. Their service suite also includes social media marketing to maintain brand visibility and email marketing for lead nurturing and customer retention. The agency positions itself as a faith-led, family-owned business that emphasizes clear, data-driven strategies without long-term contracts. They utilize a specialized methodology designed to optimize the entire lead flow process from initial audit to final launch, aiming to improve lead quality and help contractors maintain a full schedule. By focusing strictly on the plumbing and HVAC industries, they tailor their growth plans to the specific needs of contractors looking to increase revenue and build consistent pipelines.

Four Sail is a marketing consulting agency that specializes in business development, growth strategy, and digital execution for brands. The agency offers comprehensive consulting services centered on business strategy, pricing models, and growth planning, including specific guidance for local businesses to improve their regional visibility. A primary component of the agency's service model is web design and development, with a specific track record of building over 200 ecommerce websites, primarily utilizing the Shopify platform to help brands transition into direct-to-consumer sales. Their digital marketing portfolio encompasses a full suite of services, including search engine optimization to improve search engine rankings on Google and Bing, and paid advertising management tailored to budgets ranging from small monthly spends to large-scale investments. Additionally, Four Sail provides email marketing services for lead nurturing and list management, along with social media management for content planning and execution. The agency also supports brand identity through services such as brand development, graphic design, brand messaging, and professional copywriting, alongside rebranding services for established companies. Beyond pure marketing, Four Sail maintains a product development division that assists clients with new product ideation, product revitalization, and overseas product sourcing.

Foxpress Media is a marketing and media agency providing a wide spectrum of services including public relations, creative production, and digital advertising. Their public relations division specializes in media outreach, securing TV and radio interviews across 23 U.S. markets and managing press release distribution to major news outlets. In terms of creative services, the agency operates Foxpress Studios, which produces 3D animations, cinematic trailers, and promotional videos, having received recognition from the Viddy Awards and Hermes Creative Awards. The agency's digital marketing suite encompasses strategic branding, where they develop brand identities and authority-building campaigns. Their advertising capabilities cover PPC management across Google, social media platforms, and Amazon Ads. Furthermore, they provide technical digital support through custom website design and development, search engine optimization, and ongoing content marketing. Foxpress Media serves a diverse range of industries, targeting businesses of varying sizes from small businesses to medium-sized companies, with a specific niche in film and media industry marketing, including the development of film and TV adaptation proposals and connections to Hollywood production networks. The firm maintains physical offices in New York and California, positioning them for national coverage within the United States. Their operational approach focuses on data-driven strategies and collaborative partnerships with media vendors and digital advertisers to ensure measurable results. As a member of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) and an affiliate of the Association of Marketing and Communication Professionals (AMCP), the firm aligns its internal processes with established professional industry standards.

FP CO. Digital Agency is a multi-disciplinary firm based in Yucaipa, California, providing a comprehensive suite of digital marketing and technical services. Their primary service offerings center on Pay-Per-Click (PPC) management, where they handle account setup, campaign optimization, keyword research, ad copy drafting, and bid management across Google Ads and Bing Ads, supported by Google Analytics reporting. In the realm of web design and development, FP CO. creates fully customized, responsive website layouts that are conversion-optimized and feature CMS back-end integration. Their technical capabilities extend to landing page creation, software process improvement, and ongoing technical support, maintenance, and monitoring. Beyond technical execution, the agency provides branding and identity services, including brand development, strategy consulting, and rebranding initiatives. They also incorporate search engine optimization (SEO) into their service model to improve keyword visibility for their clients. The agency emphasizes a results-oriented methodology focused on reaching specific client objectives through design thinking and digital consultation. While they provide services to a broad range of industries, their approach is tailored to increase the percentage of website visitors who convert into customers through data-driven performance analysis and functional development.

Fresh Traffic Group is a digital marketing agency led by founder Jerry Booth, a former Google Ltd director from the pre-IPO era. With nearly three decades of experience, the agency provides a suite of growth-focused services designed to increase search visibility and lead generation. Their core service offerings include search engine optimization (SEO), Generative Engine Optimization (GEO), and AI search optimization to align with modern discovery behaviors. They also manage pay-per-click (PPC) advertising campaigns, including Google Ads and remarketing strategies. Beyond search and paid media, the agency provides comprehensive web development and design services, content marketing, branding, and graphic design. They assist clients with localized digital growth, specifically emphasizing Google Business Profile management for companies in Southern California and throughout Canada. The firm serves a broad range of clients, from local businesses in the Coachella Valley and Winnipeg to major global brands, media networks, and large-scale organizations including Virgin, Disney, the Dallas Cowboys, and the Trump Organization. Fresh Traffic Group operates out of two primary headquarters: one in Indian Wells, California, serving the Coachella Valley and surrounding regions, and another in Winnipeg, Manitoba, providing digital services across Canada. The agency differentiates its approach by offering a full-service, founder-led model that avoids outsourced account managers, focusing instead on integrated strategies that consolidate SEO, AI discovery, web performance, and paid media under one unified growth plan. They focus on measurable digital growth and search strategy, aiming to help businesses navigate the evolving landscape of AI-driven search and consumer intent.

Further is a Los Angeles-based agency specializing in branding, creative services, and digital strategy. The firm offers custom web design and brand and product development to assist clients in building their market presence. Their marketing service suite includes social media management, search engine marketing, and native digital advertising. The agency focuses on a streamlined implementation process, taking projects from the initial idea phase through to execution to expand brand influence on a local and global scale.

G4 Media is a specialized marketing agency that focuses exclusively on the automotive industry, providing comprehensive solutions for dealerships looking to improve their market presence and sales performance. The agency provides a range of services centered around lead conversion, digital advertising, and strategic marketing management. Their core service offerings include a data-driven approach to digital media, where they align campaign elements to drive measurable results and ROI. They also provide direct marketing services, which include traditional campaigns paired with modern digital tactics such as QR codes and CRM integration to create trackable, measurable performance. A significant portion of their value proposition involves lead conversion and identity resolution, where they deploy strategies to capture, track, and convert website visitors into actionable CRM leads. Furthermore, they offer real-time trigger lead services that allow dealers to identify and engage auto shoppers based on credit-related signals and purchase intent before they approach competitors. G4 Media also provides AI visibility and discovery services, aimed at optimizing a dealership's online presence to ensure AI-driven search engines correctly cite their inventory and business information. The agency caters specifically to the automotive retail sector, helping dealership managers and general managers address gaps in their sales funnels and improve follow-up processes. They emphasize a methodology that blends traditional marketing tactics with modern digital tools to maximize dealership sales and marketing efficiency. Operating for over seven years, G4 Media has built a client base that includes various automotive brands. They use a combination of proprietary lead identification systems, CRM management, and integrated multi-channel campaigns to manage the customer journey from initial interest to final sale.

GBPLevelUP is a digital marketing agency focused on improving online visibility and search engine performance for its clients. Their core service offerings center on local SEO and Google Business Profile management, which they market as GBP/GMB Boost to improve search rankings and audience engagement. In addition to local search optimization, the agency provides comprehensive SEO services aimed at increasing organic visibility across search engines and link-building programs to improve site authority. Their social media management services involve strategic oversight of digital platforms to enhance brand presence. For web-based client needs, they offer web design services that focus on both visual design and functional conversion performance. The agency also manages paid advertising campaigns, specifically offering Yelp Ads and Yelp Boost services to drive business visibility on that platform. Beyond these core marketing tasks, GBPLevelUP provides lead generation services through strategic acquisition tactics. The agency also incorporates CRM systems and automations to assist clients in integrating their internal digital tools. In addition to these marketing-specific services, the firm offers administrative support including general virtual assistant services, medical-specific virtual assistant services for healthcare practices, and property management services for real estate portfolios. The agency’s approach emphasizes integrating AI into their marketing processes to assist with client workflows and organizational efficiency. While they serve a diverse range of clients, their services are specifically structured to support businesses looking to improve their local digital footprint and operational efficiency through integrated technological solutions.

Global Search Council is a digital marketing agency with over eight years of experience providing a comprehensive suite of performance-driven services. The agency focuses on improving brand visibility and lead generation through organic search optimization, pay-per-click advertising, and social media management. Their technical services include website development, UI/UX design, and page speed optimization to enhance user experience and search performance. The firm offers specialized content marketing, including content writing, as well as branding and identity services, marketing collateral creation, and booth design for events. Their service offerings extend to public relations, online reputation management, and targeted marketing across major platforms including Google, YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram. Global Search Council supports a range of industries with services such as B2B marketing, enterprise SEO, and local SEO including Google Local Services Ads management. Their methodology emphasizes data-driven decision-making, a customer-centric approach, and real-time performance tracking to deliver measurable growth for their clients. The agency is headquartered in San Francisco and services a nationwide client base across the United States, positioning itself as a one-stop solution for brands looking to expand their presence in the online marketplace.

Go Global Agency is a full-service growth marketing agency primarily focused on CPG (Consumer Packaged Goods) and wellness brands. The agency provides integrated, full-funnel marketing systems designed to scale brands, particularly those looking to expand into international markets or the U.S. Their core service offering spans five key pillars: Influencer and Creator Marketing, which includes TikTok strategy, user-generated content (UGC) production, and affiliate network management; Social Media and Paid Digital Advertising across Meta and TikTok platforms; Branding and Creative Development, covering positioning, messaging, and high-conversion content systems; and Website Design and Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO), focusing on e-commerce store architecture, UX, and subscription infrastructure. Go Global Agency distinguishes itself through a methodology centered on AI-optimized performance systems, which utilize data to drive decisions across retail media networks and social channels. They operate as a global team of strategists and analysts with over 15 years of experience in scaling brands. While they specialize in supporting brands entering the U.S. market, they maintain a worldwide client base. Their approach emphasizes measurable results, tracking metrics such as Return on Ad Spend (ROAS) and earned media value to demonstrate impact. The agency manages end-to-end campaigns, from TikTok Shop setup and creative testing frameworks to full-scale funnel architecture.

GO KBS Media is a digital marketing agency specifically designed to support small businesses earning less than $500,000 in annual revenue. The agency offers an all-inclusive marketing platform intended to provide enterprise-level digital services through a flat-rate, month-to-month subscription model. Their core service offering spans multiple digital disciplines, starting with website design and customization, including the development of marketing funnels and chat widgets for client websites. They manage digital advertising campaigns to drive leads and conversions, alongside comprehensive search engine optimization and Google ranking services to improve local visibility and reputation. Beyond search-based services, the agency provides social media management and content creation to build a consistent online brand presence. The platform also integrates technical tools for clients, including mobile app support, automated lead follow-up systems, auto-missed call text-back functionality, real-time appointment scheduling, and integrated payment processing. Their methodology focuses on a seven-day onboarding and launch process that centralizes lead management and analytics reporting into a single client login. By targeting smaller entities that may find traditional agency retainers cost-prohibitive, GO KBS Media emphasizes an accessible, contract-free approach to marketing operations. The agency functions as an extension of the client's business, handling the technical and strategic elements of digital presence, from initial website deployment to ongoing reputation and lead management, aimed at helping these smaller businesses compete more effectively in the digital landscape.

Gray Bay Marketing operates as a fractional marketing agency designed to function as an internal team for business owners and operators. Their service model focuses on consolidating strategy, creative design, paid media, and SEO under a single provider to eliminate the need for clients to manage multiple disparate vendors. The agency provides comprehensive digital advertising management, including creative development and optimization across Google, Meta, and Bing platforms. Their SEO capabilities cover technical optimization, content strategy, local search optimization, and AI search visibility. The firm also offers web design and development services, specifically focusing on landing page creation, website migration, and conversion optimization. Additional core services include email marketing, covering campaign strategy, automation flows, and deliverability; video production and photography; and brand identity services like packaging and collateral design. Gray Bay Marketing places a strong emphasis on data-driven results, utilizing lead tracking systems and conversion tracking to monitor performance. Their team is composed of individuals with backgrounds as owner-operators, specifically having experience managing e-commerce brands and restaurant groups. This operational background informs their methodology, which prioritizes practical, growth-oriented marketing aligned with the financial health and day-to-day realities of running a business. They offer specific expertise in local platform management, including Yelp Ads and Google Business Profile optimization, alongside marketplace management for Amazon. The agency is headquartered in San Francisco and offers a two-week trial period for prospective clients to evaluate their system.

Green Acres Creative is a communication design firm with a 27-year history of providing strategic branding and marketing services. The agency focuses on comprehensive brand identity development, crafting logos, messaging, and collateral to align with client core values. Their service offerings include strategic brand application across customer touchpoints, including the design and production of print collateral, signage, and websites. Beyond foundational design, they provide marketing support by assisting clients with pay-per-click advertising, social media campaigns, and trade show promotion strategies. Their technical capabilities extend to animation and video production, which they utilize alongside traditional graphic and print design services. The agency targets a diverse range of clients, including utility companies, municipal entities, and fitness organizations, as evidenced by their work with partners such as the Randall Lewis Center for Entrepreneurship, Burbank Water & Power, the City of Palo Alto Utilities, and the City of Colton. Their approach emphasizes problem-solving through extensive research and ideation, prioritizing collaborative partnerships with clients throughout the creative process. They are experienced in complex, multi-faceted projects and utilize a structured approach to ensure that brand messaging is applied consistently across all media.